 - Ureter
- Fibromuscular tube with mucosa
- Upper: renal pelvis to upper border of sacrum
- Middle: overlies sacrum
- Lower: border of sacrum to bladder
- Blood supply: upper from renal arteries, middle from ovarian or testicular arteries, lower from vesical arteries
| Innervation of Kidneys and Ureters | |
- Parasympathetic
- Preganglionic: vagal fibers run through celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses, joining renal nerve plexus for distribution to ganglion cells in renal parenchyma, pelvis, and ureter
- Sympathetic
- Preganglionic: fibers run through splanchnic nerves (especially least), celiac, and superior mesenteric plexuses to synapse in aorticorenal ganglia
- Postganglionic: fibers distributed to smooth muscle of renal vessels and gomeruli
- Sensory: segmental visceral afferent fibers run parallel to sympathetic fibers to dorsal root ganglia and spinal segments T11-L2
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Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma): metastasized to lung (most common) or colon- Greatest risk factor: smoking
- Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumor):
- Rare renal malignant tumor of early childhood: 8/million incidence
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- Tumor cells produce renin, leading to hypertension
- Associated with hypospadias, cryptorchidism, ocular malformations
- Most common secondary renal tumor: breast metastasis
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